Organic Chemistry
- 2da. edición
- united states willard Grand Press 1982
- 228p Ilustración 25.5 x18.5 cm
Chapter 1. Atoms and Molecules - A Review Chapter Chapter Orbitals and Their Role in Covalent Bonding Structural Isomerism, Nomenclature, and Alkanes Chapter 4. Stereochemistry Chapter 5. Alkyl Halides; Substitution and Elimination Reactions Chapter 6. Free-Radical Reactions; Organometallic Compounds Chapter 7. Alcohols, Ethers, and Related Compounds Chapter 8. Spectroscopy I: Infrared and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Chapter 9. Alkenes and Alkynes Chapter 10. Aromaticity, Benzene, and Substituted Benzenes Chapter 11. Aldehydes and Ketones Chapter 12. Carboxylic Acids Chapter 13. Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids Chapter 14. Enolates and Carbanions: Building Blocks for Organic Synthesis Chapter 15. Amines Chapter 16. Polycyclic and Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds
Some Important Features Electrons are found in shells surrounding the nucleus of an atom. Bach shell is composed of one or more atomic orbitals. The first shell contains a ls orbital (spherical); the second shell contains one 2g orbital (spherical) and three 2p orbitals (dumbbell-shaped and mutually perpendicular). Bach orbital can hold zero, one, or two electrons. Electrons are usually contained in the lowest-energy orbitals possible (ls, then 2s, then 2p) - The halogens, oxygen, and nitrogen have fairly high electronegativities (at- traction for outer electrons). The metals have low electronegativities, while carbon and hydrogen have intermediate electronegativities. Chemical bonds are formed by electrons in the outer shell of an atom. Whether ionic or covalent bonds are formed depends on the electronegativity difference between two atoms. Carbon forms covalent bonds with other elements. These covalent bonds may be nonpolar (C-C or C—H) or polar (CO, C-N, or C—Cl), depending on the electronegativity difference between C and the other element. Molecules with NH, OH, or HP bonds can form hydrogen bonds with each other or with other molecules containing N, O, or F atoms with unshared electrons. An acid is a compound that can donate * or accept electrons, while a base is a compound that has unshared electrons that can be donated. Common organic