Chemistry

Preface
CHAPTER 1 Tools of Chemistry
1.1 Chemistry Today
The Study of Chemistry S
1.2 The Scientific Method
CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: What Happened to the Dinosaurs?
1.3 Classifications of Matter
Substances and Mixtures 8 • Elements and Compounds 9
1.4 The Periodic Table of the Elements
1.5 The Three States of Matter
1.6 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
1.7 Measurement
SI Units 14 • Mass and Weight 15 • Volume 15 • Density 16 • Temperature
Scales 17
1.8 Handling Numbers
Scientific Notation 18 • Significant Figures 20
1.9 The Factor-Label Method of Solving Problems
Summary
Key Words
Exercises
CHAPTER 2 Atoms, Molecules, and lons
2.1 The Atomic Theory-From Early Ideas to John Dalton
2.2 The Structure of the Atom
The Electron 36 • Radioactivity 37 • The Proton and the Nucleus 38 • The Neutron 40
2.3 Mass Relationships of Atoms
Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Isotopes 41 • Atomic Masses 42 • Average Atomic Mass 43 • Molar Mass of an Element and Avogadro's Number

The goal of a full-year general chemistry course is to provide a firm foundation in chemical concepts and principles and to instill in students an appreciation of the vital part chemistry plays in our daily life. It is the responsibility of the textbook author to assist both instructors and students in their pursuit of this objective by presenting a broad range of topics in a clear, logical manner. In this text, I have tried to strike a balance between theory and application, to illustrate basic principles with everyday examples whenever possible, and to show that there is more to chemistry than numbers, formulas, and abstract theories. The encouraging feedback I have received from instructors and students who used previous editions has convinced me that this approach is effective.
The main features of the text are described below.
Content and Organization
Learning chemistry is a cumulative process that begins most comfortably in familiar surroundings. Thus, this text opens with a scientific look at the macroscopic world and proceeds with an examination of the microscopic realm of atoms and molecules, which opens the way for the discussion of chemical properties and relationships and the mechanisms of chemical change. This sequence is fairly conventional and corresponds well with most syllabuses. Where differences exist,
they reflect the experience of
myself and many other instructors who have used previous editions of Chemistry. For example,
discussing gases (Chapter 5) before thermochemistry (Chapter 6) makes it easier to understand thermochemical processes involving gases. Likewise, it is advantageous to introduce precipitation, acid-base, and oxidation-reduction reactions together in Chapters 3 and 4, where the relevant vocabulary is presented; it also benefits students who are taking chemistry lab concurrently. And the inclusion of the first law of thermodynamics in Chapter 6 helps to clarify for students the often ambiguous topics of heat and enthalpy. Acknowledging, however, that what works for some does not necessarily work for all, I have written these sections so that they can be covered in a different sequence without loss of continuity. Thus, an instructor who prefers to discuss the first law in conjunction with thermodynamics has the option to do so.
Typically, a general chemistry course emphasizes the content presented in Chapters 1-17, 19, and 20 of this text. A new addition to the book, Chapter 18, is one that I hope will join the group of core chapters chosen for study. This chapter on chemistry in the atmosphere focuses on the structure and composition of Earth's atmosphere, as well as on important chemical processes that occur there. It can be studied as a unit or used to supplement other chapters. Either way, topics such as indoor pollution and the disap-

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