Advanced Photovoltaic Installations /

Table of contents
Cover
Title
Copyright
Brief Contents
Contents (1/3)
Contents (2/3)
Contents (3/3)
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction to Advanced Photovoltaic System Installation
Designing a PV System
Defining the Customer’s Needs and Budget
Assessing the Installation Site
Materials and Placement for the Site Environment
Determining the Array Location
Complying with Relevant Codes
Minimizing Electrical Losses
Storing and Managing Batteries
Meeting Local Utility Interconnection Requirements
Basic Stages in Installing a PV System
General Recommendations for Installations
Materials Recommendations
Recommendations for Equipment and Methods of Installation
PV System Installation, California Style
Getting Installation Right for Top System Performance
AC/DC Installation
Array Mounting
Array Interconnection
Tips for Laying Cables and Placing Conductors
Installing a Grid-Connected PV System
Preparation for the Installation
Step-by-Step System Installation (1/2)
Step-by-Step System Installation (2/2)
Chapter 2 Essential Safety Practices for Designing and Installing PV Systems
Working Safely with PV Systems
Connecting and Operating PV Systems
Electrical Safety
Protection from Falls
Stairways and Ladders
Hand and Power Tools
Personal Protective Equipment
Working Space for Electrical Systems
Photovoltaic (PV) Modules
Marking and Labeling Requirements
Marking
Labeling
Access, Pathways, and Smoke Ventilation Requirements
Residential Systems—Single-and Two-Unit Residential Dwellings
Commercial Buildings and Residential Housing—Three or More Units
Location and Protection of Direct Current (DC) Conductors
Non-Habitable Building Requirements
Ground-Mounted PV Arrays
Safe Design of PV Systems—What the NEC Says
System and Current Voltage Code
Wiring and Disconnect Requirements
Grounding Code
Safety Hints for Testing a PV System (1/2)
Safety Hints for Testing a PV System (2/2)
Chapter 3 Installation: Creating the Best PV System
General Recommendations
Materials and Equipment Recommendations
PV System Design and Installation
Preparation
Designing a PV System
PV System Installation
PV System Maintenance and Operation
Signoffs at the Beginning and End of the Project
PV System Plan Checklist
Chapter 4 Site Review, Layout, Mounting Systems, and Building Integration
Project Site Requirements
PV Applications and Components
Microclimate, Shading Effect, and the Solar Window
Module Orientation and Tilt Angles
Assessing Electrical Demand
Shade Types
Solar Path
Shadow Types
Shading Analysis
Roof Installation Options
Roofs
Façade
Glass Roofs
Other Types of PV Array Mounting Locations
PV Laminate
Building-Integrated Photovoltaics, Solar Tiles, and Solar Shade Canopies
Solar Tiles
Solar Shades
Chapter 5 Building Codes and Regulations for PV Systems
OSHA Regulations
General Safety Regulations
Occupational Health Safety
Personal Protection Equipment Safety
Tool Safety
Electrical Safety
Protection from Falls
The National Electrical Code (NEC)
Longevity, Materials, and Safety
Scope and Purpose of the NEC
Testing and Approval
Marking and Labeling PV Systems in Relation to Regulation and Code
Chapter 6 Standalone PV Systems
Standalone PV Systems
Standalone Distribution Systems
Interior DC Wiring and Receptacles
Smoke Detectors
Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters
Multi-Wire Branch Circuits
Planning and Designing Standalone Systems
Modules in Standalone PV Systems
Batteries in Standalone PV Systems
Aging Effects
Selection Criteria
Battery Installation and Maintenance
Wiring a Battery Bank
Sizing Batteries in Standalone PV Systems
Reducing the Size of Battery Banks
Battery Maintenance and Safety
Managing Charge
Recycling
Generators and Charge Controllers for Standalone PV Systems
Charge Controllers
Standalone Inverters
Sine-Wave Inverters
Modified Sine-Wave Inverters
Square-Wave Inverters
Direct Coupling of PV Array, Battery, and Load
Measuring Electricity Consumption
Sizing the PV Array
Determine Load
Determine Local Solar Component
Determine PV System Efficiency
Determine Autonomy in Days
Determine Total Battery Amp-Hours from Watt-Hours
Sample Calculations for Sizing an Off-Grid, Standalone PV System:
Cable Conversion and Adjustment Losses
Design Outcome
Summarization of Calculation Methods for Designing a PV Array
Wire Sizing
Charge Controller Cable
Inverter Use
System Labels and Warnings
General
Chapter 7 PV Technology—Cells, Panels, Arrays, Balance of System, and Inverters
Shading and Shading Checklists
PV Array Configuration and System Concept
Facts About Shading Cells, Panels, and Strings
Balance of System Locations and Layout
Building Survey and PV System Checklists
PV System Checklist
Determining a System Design
Choosing Modules and Inverters
Adapting Mechanical System Design (1/2)
Adapting Mechanical System Design (2/2)
Adapting the Electrical System Design (1/3)
Adapting the Electrical System Design (2/3)
Adapting the Electrical System Design (3/3)
Charge Controllers
Low Voltage Disconnect
Generators
PV Gas/Diesel Hybrid System
Generators in the NEC
Point-of-Utility Connections
Optional Standby System Panels
Chapter 8 Connecting the Sun to the Home and the Utility
System Installation
Example Installation of a Grid-Connected PV System
Preparation
Preparing for the Installation
Photovoltaic Modules
Module Marking
Wiring
Tracking Modules
Terminals
Transition Wiring
Module Connectors
Array Grounding Continuity
Splices
Conductor Color Codes
AC Wires
DC Wires
PV Array Ground-Fault Protection
PV Array Installation and Service
Grounding
Definitions
System Grounding
Equipment Grounding
AC Grounding
DC Grounding
Grounding Electrode
Conductor Ampacity
Standalone Systems—Inverters
Overcurrent Protection
Ampere Rating
Amperes Interrupting Rating (AIR)—Short-Circuit Conditions
Fusing of PV Source Circuits
Standalone PV System Current-Limiting Fuses
Fuse Servicing
Disconnecting Means
PV Array Disconnects
PV Disconnect Location
Equipment Disconnects
Battery Disconnect
Charge Controller Disconnects
Ungrounded Systems
Multiple Power Sources
Chapter 9 The Evolving PV System: From Concept to Certification
Inspection Guidelines for PV Systems
Permit Guidelines for Small-Scale PV Systems
Basic Site Diagram
Inverter Information
Module Information
Battery Information
PV Arrays and Array Mounting Systems
Wiring and Overcurrent Protection
PV System Disconnecting Means
Grounding
Permitting a PV System
Securing a Permit
Neighborhood Concerns and Homeowner Associations (HOAs)
Connecting to the Grid
Getting Through to the Grid
Utility Interconnection Standards, Agreements, Sign-Offs, Warranties
Permits and Codes
Utility and Inspection Sign-offs
PV System Warranties
Insurance Requirements
Property Damage
Liability Coverage
PV System Inspections
Structure Attachments According to Plans and Directions
Appropriate Signs Installed
As-Built Drawings
Chapter 10 Quality Control, Testing, Troubleshooting, Monitoring, and PV System Operations and Maintenance
Maintenance
Guarantees
Breakdowns, Typical Faults, and Maintenance for PV Systems
Maintenance
Installing Subsystems and Components at the PV Site
Testing and Programming Equipment
Performance Inspection and Monitoring
Maintaining and Troubleshooting a PV System
Array and Battery Maintenance
Array Maintenance
Battery Maintenance
Inverter and Charge Controller Maintenance
Maintenance Tools and Equipment
Performance Monitoring
Troubleshooting
Monitoring Operating Data and Presentation
Internet-Based System Evaluation
Web-Based Data Transmission and Evaluation
Presentation and Visualization
Long-Term Behavior of PV Modules
Quality and Reliability of Inverters
Answer Key
Glossary (1/2)
Glossary (2/2)
References
Index (1/3)
Index (2/3)
Index (3/3)

Part of the Art and Science of Photovoltaics series The use of high-level, high-performing solar panel systems is quickly becoming a mainstream energy source. Advanced Photovoltaic Installations goes beyond the basics and provides readers with the knowledge they need to install PV systems to meed code requirements and to obtain high performance. It examines safety practices, inspection areas, testing and monitoring systems, and troubleshooting procedures. Advanced Photovoltaic Installations provides readers with the tools they need to contribute to the nation's energy security and to a cleaner, less carbon-dependent environment. Important Notice: The digital edition of this book is missing some of the images or content found in the physical edition.

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