Electric Power Systems /
B. M. Weedy
Electric Power Systems / - 3 - John Wiley & sons - 524 páginas Ilustraciones, Tablas y Gráficas 23.5 cm x 15.5 cm
Incluye Referencias Bibliográficas
1 Introduction
1.1 Historical
1.2 Characteristics Influencing Generation and Transmission
1.3 Energy Conversion Employing Steam
1.4 Energy Conversion Using Water
1.5 Gas Turbines
1.6 Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Generation
1.7 Nuclear Power
1.8 Generation and Fuel
1.9 Unconventional Energy Sources
1.10 Energy Storage
1.11 Environmental Considerations
1.12 Loads
1.13 Representation of Power Systems
1.14 Nature of Transmission and Distribution Systems
1.15 Statistics of Systems
1.16 Distribution Systems
1.17 Use of Digital Computers
2 Basic Concepts
2.1 Three-Phase Systems
2.2 Three-Phase Transformers
2.3 Harmonics in Three-Phase Systems
2.4 Multiphase Systems
2.5 Reactive Power
2.6 The Per Unit System
2.7 Power Transfer and Reactive Power
2.8 Useful Network Theory
3 Components of a Power System
3.1 Introduction
Synchronous Machines
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Equivalent Circuit Under Balanced Short Circuit ditions
Con-
93
3.4 Synchronous Generators in Parallel
97
3.5 The Operation of a Generator on Infinite Busbars
98
103
3.6 Salient-pole Generators
3.7 Automatic Voltage Regulators Lines, Cables, and Transformers
105
3.8 Overhead Lines-Types and Parameters
3.9 Representation of Lines
110
117
3.10 Parameters of Underground Cables
125
128
3.11 Transformers
3.12 Connexion of Three-phase Transformers
135
3.13 Voltage Characteristics of Loads
137
3.14 Switchgear and Protection
142
4 Control of Power and Frequency
148
4.1 Introduction
148
4.2 The Turbine Governor
149
4.3 Control Loops
152
4.4 Division of Load between Generators
153
4.5 The Power/Frequency Characteristic of an Intercon-nected System
156
4.6 Systems Connected by Lines of Relatively Small Capacity
158
4.7 Phase-shift Transformers
4.8 Optimization of Power System Operation
4.9 Computer Control of Load and Frequency
5 Control of Voltage and Reactive Power
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Generation and Absorption of Reactive Power
5.3 Relation Between Voltage, Power, and Reactive Power at
a Node
5.4 Methods of Voltage Control
(i) Injection of Reactive Power
5.5 Methods of Voltage Control
(ii) Tap-changing Transformers
tive Power Injection 5.6 Combined Use of Tap-changing Transformers and Reac-
5.7 Booster Transformers
5.8 Voltage Stability
5.9 Voltage Control in Distribution Network
5.10 Long Lines
5.11 General System Considerations
6 Load Flows
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Radial and Simple Loop Networks 211
6.3 Large Systems
6.4 Methods of Solution for Large Systems
6.5 Example of a Complex Load Flow
6.6 Design Considerations
7 Fault Analysis
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Calculation of Three-phase Balanced Fault Currents
7.3 Method of Symmetrical Components. 7.4 Representation of Plant in the Phase-sequence Networks 256
7.5 Types of Fault
7.6 Fault Levels in a Typical System
7.7 Power in Symmetrical Components
7.8 Systematic Methods for Fault Analysis in Large Networks
7.9 Bus Impedance (Short Circuit Matrix) Method
7.10 Neutral Grounding
7.11 Interference with Communication Circuits 287
8 Stability Limits
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Equation of Motion of a Rotating Machine 296
8.3 Steady-state Stability-Theoretical Considerations 297
8.4 Steady-state Stability-Practical Considerations
8.5 Transient Stability-Consideration of Rotor Angle
8.6 Transient Stability-Consideration of Time
8.7 The Use of Computers in Transient Stability Studies
8.8 Stability of Loads
8.9 Further Aspects
9 Direct Current Transmission
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Rectification
9.3 Inversion
9.4 Complete Direct Current Link
9.5 Solid-state Converters
9.6 Faults and Harmonics
9.7 Practical Schemes
1.1 Historical
In 1882 Edison inaugurated the first central generating station in the United States. This had a load of 400 lamps each consuming 83 W. At about the same time the Holborn Viaduct Generating Station in London was the first in Britain to cater for consumers generally, as opposed to specialized loads. This scheme comprised a 60 kW generator driven by a horizontal steam engine; the voltage of generation was 100 V direct current.
The first major alternating current station in Great Britain was at Deptford where power was generated by machines of 10,000 h.p. and transmitted at 10 kV to consumers in London. During this period the battle between the advocates of alternating current and direct current was at its most intense and acrimonious level. During this same period similar developments were taking place in the U.S.A. and elsewhere. Owing mainly to the invention of the transformer the advocates of alternating current prevailed and a steady development of local electricity generating stations commenced, each large town or load centre operating its own station.
In the U.S.A. development over the years has resulted in many electric utilities, some serving their own localities, others very large areas. These range from investor-owned, municipal, federal, and state organizations, to cooperatives. Investor-owned utilities produce by far the greatest quantity of electricity, followed by federal and municipal authorities. The cooperatives have been largely concerned with making electricity available in rural areas. The growth of installed generating capacity in the U.S. is shown in Figure 1.1 Tremendous capital investment is required continuously to meet increased demands. Much of this is acquired from the public (an estimated $12 billion in 1974) in investor-owned utilities in the form of bonds and stock issues. Only 10 per cent of construction capital is obtained from retained earnings and the problem of financing new schemes is of critical concern in investor-owned
utilities. The variation of rate of growth of electricity usage in the U.S. is shown in Figure 1.2 with the projected value to 1990. Also shown in Figure 1.2 is the percentage change in the U.S. Gross National Product (GNP) indicating the close relationship between this quantity and the use of electricity.
0471275840
Electric Power Systems / - 3 - John Wiley & sons - 524 páginas Ilustraciones, Tablas y Gráficas 23.5 cm x 15.5 cm
Incluye Referencias Bibliográficas
1 Introduction
1.1 Historical
1.2 Characteristics Influencing Generation and Transmission
1.3 Energy Conversion Employing Steam
1.4 Energy Conversion Using Water
1.5 Gas Turbines
1.6 Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Generation
1.7 Nuclear Power
1.8 Generation and Fuel
1.9 Unconventional Energy Sources
1.10 Energy Storage
1.11 Environmental Considerations
1.12 Loads
1.13 Representation of Power Systems
1.14 Nature of Transmission and Distribution Systems
1.15 Statistics of Systems
1.16 Distribution Systems
1.17 Use of Digital Computers
2 Basic Concepts
2.1 Three-Phase Systems
2.2 Three-Phase Transformers
2.3 Harmonics in Three-Phase Systems
2.4 Multiphase Systems
2.5 Reactive Power
2.6 The Per Unit System
2.7 Power Transfer and Reactive Power
2.8 Useful Network Theory
3 Components of a Power System
3.1 Introduction
Synchronous Machines
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Equivalent Circuit Under Balanced Short Circuit ditions
Con-
93
3.4 Synchronous Generators in Parallel
97
3.5 The Operation of a Generator on Infinite Busbars
98
103
3.6 Salient-pole Generators
3.7 Automatic Voltage Regulators Lines, Cables, and Transformers
105
3.8 Overhead Lines-Types and Parameters
3.9 Representation of Lines
110
117
3.10 Parameters of Underground Cables
125
128
3.11 Transformers
3.12 Connexion of Three-phase Transformers
135
3.13 Voltage Characteristics of Loads
137
3.14 Switchgear and Protection
142
4 Control of Power and Frequency
148
4.1 Introduction
148
4.2 The Turbine Governor
149
4.3 Control Loops
152
4.4 Division of Load between Generators
153
4.5 The Power/Frequency Characteristic of an Intercon-nected System
156
4.6 Systems Connected by Lines of Relatively Small Capacity
158
4.7 Phase-shift Transformers
4.8 Optimization of Power System Operation
4.9 Computer Control of Load and Frequency
5 Control of Voltage and Reactive Power
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Generation and Absorption of Reactive Power
5.3 Relation Between Voltage, Power, and Reactive Power at
a Node
5.4 Methods of Voltage Control
(i) Injection of Reactive Power
5.5 Methods of Voltage Control
(ii) Tap-changing Transformers
tive Power Injection 5.6 Combined Use of Tap-changing Transformers and Reac-
5.7 Booster Transformers
5.8 Voltage Stability
5.9 Voltage Control in Distribution Network
5.10 Long Lines
5.11 General System Considerations
6 Load Flows
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Radial and Simple Loop Networks 211
6.3 Large Systems
6.4 Methods of Solution for Large Systems
6.5 Example of a Complex Load Flow
6.6 Design Considerations
7 Fault Analysis
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Calculation of Three-phase Balanced Fault Currents
7.3 Method of Symmetrical Components. 7.4 Representation of Plant in the Phase-sequence Networks 256
7.5 Types of Fault
7.6 Fault Levels in a Typical System
7.7 Power in Symmetrical Components
7.8 Systematic Methods for Fault Analysis in Large Networks
7.9 Bus Impedance (Short Circuit Matrix) Method
7.10 Neutral Grounding
7.11 Interference with Communication Circuits 287
8 Stability Limits
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Equation of Motion of a Rotating Machine 296
8.3 Steady-state Stability-Theoretical Considerations 297
8.4 Steady-state Stability-Practical Considerations
8.5 Transient Stability-Consideration of Rotor Angle
8.6 Transient Stability-Consideration of Time
8.7 The Use of Computers in Transient Stability Studies
8.8 Stability of Loads
8.9 Further Aspects
9 Direct Current Transmission
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Rectification
9.3 Inversion
9.4 Complete Direct Current Link
9.5 Solid-state Converters
9.6 Faults and Harmonics
9.7 Practical Schemes
1.1 Historical
In 1882 Edison inaugurated the first central generating station in the United States. This had a load of 400 lamps each consuming 83 W. At about the same time the Holborn Viaduct Generating Station in London was the first in Britain to cater for consumers generally, as opposed to specialized loads. This scheme comprised a 60 kW generator driven by a horizontal steam engine; the voltage of generation was 100 V direct current.
The first major alternating current station in Great Britain was at Deptford where power was generated by machines of 10,000 h.p. and transmitted at 10 kV to consumers in London. During this period the battle between the advocates of alternating current and direct current was at its most intense and acrimonious level. During this same period similar developments were taking place in the U.S.A. and elsewhere. Owing mainly to the invention of the transformer the advocates of alternating current prevailed and a steady development of local electricity generating stations commenced, each large town or load centre operating its own station.
In the U.S.A. development over the years has resulted in many electric utilities, some serving their own localities, others very large areas. These range from investor-owned, municipal, federal, and state organizations, to cooperatives. Investor-owned utilities produce by far the greatest quantity of electricity, followed by federal and municipal authorities. The cooperatives have been largely concerned with making electricity available in rural areas. The growth of installed generating capacity in the U.S. is shown in Figure 1.1 Tremendous capital investment is required continuously to meet increased demands. Much of this is acquired from the public (an estimated $12 billion in 1974) in investor-owned utilities in the form of bonds and stock issues. Only 10 per cent of construction capital is obtained from retained earnings and the problem of financing new schemes is of critical concern in investor-owned
utilities. The variation of rate of growth of electricity usage in the U.S. is shown in Figure 1.2 with the projected value to 1990. Also shown in Figure 1.2 is the percentage change in the U.S. Gross National Product (GNP) indicating the close relationship between this quantity and the use of electricity.
0471275840
